Effect of paramagnetic susceptibility of AISI 321 steel austenite on its selective dissolution in pittings in neutral chloride-containing media

Keywords

AISI 321 steel, selective dissolution of steel in pittings, specific paramagnetic susceptibility of austenite χ₀, corrosion losses ΔCr, DNi, ΔFe in pittings.

Cite as

Narivs’kyi O. Е., Solidor N. A., Snizhnoi G. V., Pulina T. V., and Khoma M. S. Effect of paramagnetic susceptibility of AISI 321 steel austenite on its selective dissolution in pittings in neutral chloride-containing media. Physicochemical Mechanics of Materials. 2026. 62(2), 023-031.

https://doi.org/10.15407/pcmm2026.02.023

Abstract

The effect of specific paramagnetic susceptibility χ₀ of austenite of AISI 321 steel on the characteristic features of its selective dissolution in pittings in neutral model circulating waters was investigated. In a model circulating water with pH 7 and chloride concentra­tion of 600 mg/l, total corrosion losses (ΔCr, ΔNi, ΔFe) from the pittings decrease accor­ding to a hyperbolic relationship with increasing χ₀ from 2.54×10^–8 up to 2.68×10^–8 m³/kg. It is shown that under these conditions ΔFe from the pittings decreaselinearly, while ΔCr remain constant over the entire range of χ₀ values, whereas ΔNi initially decrease quickly with increasing χ₀ from 2.54×10^–8 up to 2.59×10^–8 m³/kg and then increase from 2.59×10^–8 up to 2.68×10^–8 m³/kg. This behavior is due to the characteristic features of selec­tive dissolution of Cr, Ni, and Fe in stable pittings. In a model circulating water with pH 7 and chloride concentration of 300 mg/l, total corrosion losses from the pittings increase with increasing c₀ in the investigated range, which is attributed to the metastable nature of pitting in AISI 321 steel. It was established that under these pitting conditions, ΔCr of the steel increase with increasing χ₀ over the entire investigated range, whereas ΔFe ini­tially increase and ΔNi decrease with increasing χ₀ from 2.54×10^–8 up to 2.59×10^–8 m³/kg, and then these dependences are opposite when χ₀ changes in the range 2.59×10^–8 up to 2.68×10^–8 m³/kg. This leads to a decrease in total corrosion losses from metastable pittings result of repassivation of most of them.

References

1. L. Martinez, B. Malki, G. Berthomé, B. Baroux, and F.J. Perez, “Ar-implantation on AISI 304 stainless steel against pit initiation processes,” Surf. and Coat. Technol., 201, Iss. 3-4, 1671-1678 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.02.042
2. Z. Szklarska-Smialowska, “Mechanism of pit nucleation by electrical breakdown of the passive film,” Corros. Sci., 44, Is. 6, 1143-1149 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00113-5
3. C. Alonso, M. Castellote, and C. Andrade, “Chloride threshold dependence of pitting potential of reinforcements,” Electrochimica Acta, 47, Is. 21, 3469-3481 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00283-9
4. O.E. Narivskyi, S.O. Subbotin, T.V. Pulina, S.D. Leoshchenko, M.S. Khoma, and N.B. Ratska, “Modeling of pitting of heat exchangers made of 18/10 type steel in circulating waters,” Mater. Sci., 58, Is. 6, 748-754 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-023-00725-y
5. O.E. Narivskyi, S.O. Subbotin, and T.V. Pulina, “Corrosion behaviour of austenitic steels in chloride-containing media during the operation of plate-like heat exchangers,” Phys. Sci. and Technol., 10, Iss. 3-4, 48-56 (2023). https://doi.org/10.26577/phst.2023.v10.i2.06
6. O.E. Narivskyi, S.O. Subbotin, T.V. Pulina, S.D. Leoshchenko, M.S. Khoma, and N.B. Ratska, “Mechanisms of pitting corrosion of austenitic steels of heat exchangers in circulating waters and its prediction,” Mater. Sci., 59, Is. 3, 275-282 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-024-00773-y
7. A.V. Dzhus, O.E. Narivskyi, S.A. Subbotin, and T.V. Pulina, “Influence of components of 06KhN28MDT steel and analogue of AISI 904L steel on parameters of model chloride-containing recycled water of enterprises on its pitting resistance,” Metallofizika i Noveishie Tekhnologii [in Russian], 46, Is. 4, 371-383 (2024). https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.46.04.0289
8. K.H. Lo, C.H. Shek, and K.J.L. Lai, “Recent developments in stainless steels,” Mater. Sci. and Eng.: R: Reports, 65, Iss. 4-6, 39-104 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2009.03.001
9. J. Wang, H. Su, K. Chen, D. Du, L. Zhang, and Zh. Shen, “Effect of δ-ferrite on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of 321 stainless steel,” Corros. Sci., 158 (2019). Art. no. 108079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.07.005
10. G.V. Snizhnoi, “Dependence of the corrosion behavior of austenitic chromium-nickel steels on the paramagnetic state of austenite,” Mater. Sci., 49, Is. 3, 341-346 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-013-9620-4
11. E. Otero, A. Pardo, M. V. Utrilla, E. Saenz, and F. J. Pérez, “Influence of microstructure on the corrosion resistance of AISI type 304L and type 316L sintered stainless steels exposed to ferric chloride solution,” Materials Characterization, 35, 145-151 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(95)00099-2
12. V. Vignal, C. Voltz, S. Thiébaut, M. Demésy, O. Heintz, and S. Guerraz, “Pitting corrosion of type 316L stainless steel elaborated by the selective laser melting method: influence of microstructure,” J. of Mater. Eng. and Perform., 30, Is. 7, 5050-5058 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05621-7
13. R. Newman, “Pitting corrosion of metals,” Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 19, Is. 1, 33-38 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F03101if
14. R.T. Loto, “Pitting corrosion evaluation of austenitic stainless steel type 304 in acid chloride media,” J. of Mater. and Environment Sci., 4, Is. 4, 448-459 (2013).
15. G. Bai, Sh. Lu, D. Li, and Y. Li, “Intergranular corrosion behavior associated with delta-ferrite transformation of Ti-modified Super 304H austenitic stainless steel,” Corros. Sci., 90, 347-358 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.10.031
16. B. Mateša, I. Samardzic, and M. Dunđer, “Delta ferrite in stainless steel weld metals,” Strojarstvo, 54, Is. 1, 23-30 (2012).
17. G.V. Snizhnoi, and M.S. Rasshchupkyna, “Magnetic state of deformed austenite before and after martensite nucleation in austenitic stainless steels,” J. Iron Steel Res., 19, Is. 6, 42-46 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(12)60125-3
18. R.C. Newman, and H.S. Isaacs, “Dissolution and passivation kinetics of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys during localized corrosion,” in Passivity of Metals and Semiconductors, Elsevier (1983), pp. 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42252-1.50044-8
19. R.C. Newman, and Y.S. Isaacs, “Diffusion-coupled active dissolution in the localized corrosion of stainless steels,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, Is. 7, 1621-1624 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2120048
20. M. Liu, C. Du, Z. Liu, L. Wang, R. Zhong, X. Cheng, J. Ao, T. Duan, Y. Zhu, and X. Li, “A review on pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking on duplex stainless steel,” Microstructures, 3 (2023). Art. no. 2023020. https://doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.02
21. O.E. Narivskyi, G.V. Snizhnoi, T.V. Pulina, V.L. Snizhnoi, and N.A. Solidor, “Effect of specific magnetic susceptibility of AISI 304 and 08Kh18N10 steels on their limiting potentials in chloride-containing environments,” Mater. Sci., 59, Is. 6, 649-657 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-024-00824-4
22. I.L. Rosenfeld, Corrosion and Metals Corrosion [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1970).
23. S.B. Belikov, O.E. Narivskyi, and M.S. Khoma, Pitting Corrosion of Heat Exchangers in Circulating Waters and Its Prediction [in Ukrainian], Zaporizka Politekhnika Publ. House, Zaporizhzhia (2019).
24. Faguo Hou, Hong-Hui Wu, Dexin Zhu, Jinyong Zhang, Liudong Hou, Shuize Wang, Guilin Wu, Junheng Gao, Jing Ma, and Xinping Mao, “Interpretable material descriptors for critical pitting temperature in austenitic stainless steel via machine learning,” npj Materials Degradation, 9 (2025). Art. no. 16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00563-0
25. I. McCue, E. Benn, B. Gaskey, and J. Erlebacher, “Dealloying and dealloyed materials,” Annual Review of Materials Research, 46, 263-286 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-031739