Synthesis and investigation of ZrO2–SiO2 oxide dopped with Sn(IV) ions

Keywords

ternary oxide, tin dioxide, ZrO₂–SiO₂, acid sites strength, superacid.

Cite as

Prudius S. V., Hes N. L., Inshina О. I., and Khyzhun O.Yu. Synthesis and investigation of ZrO₂–SiO₂ oxide dopped with Sn(IV) ions. Physico­chemical Mechanics of Materials. 2022. 58(1), 075-082.

Abstract

Mixed ZrO₂–SiO₂–SnO₂ oxides have been synthesized by sol-gel method with atomic ratios of components Zr:Si:Sn = 1:2:х, were х = 0.1–4.0. Using thermogravimetric and XRD analysis it is shown that for samples with х £ 2 high homogeneity of Sn⁴⁺ (х = 4) cation distribution is observed. Further increase of their content leads to the formation of a separate phase of tin dioxide, which corresponds to tetragonal crystal structure of the rutile type. It is shown that introduction of tin ions in ZrO₂–SiO₂ matrix leads to the increase in acidity of the obtained samples, too. Therefore, maximal strength of acid sites increases from –11.35 for ZrSi₂ to – 14.52 for ZrSi₂Sn_0.4 and ZrSi₂Sn. In XPS spectra, high energy shifts of Zr 3d_5/2 and Sn 3d_5/2 core levels indicate the shift of electron density from zirconium and tin atoms to silica atoms. The presence of octahedral and tetrahedral coordinated Sn⁴⁺ on the surface of the ZrSi₂Sn_х samples, which refers to Brönsted and Lewis acid sites, is observed. The bridging –OH groups on ^VIIIZr⁴⁺ and ^IVSn⁴⁺ cations could be Brоnsted sites and coordinated-unsaturated zirconium and tin cations are Lewis sites.

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